List of Biomaterial Fossil Papers

Published on: March 27, 2025

Tissue from medullary bone from T.rex. Source: Schweitzer, et al., “Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex”, Science, 307 (2005) 1952

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to:

• Brian Thomas, Ph.D. Paleobiochemistry (University of Liverpool)
• Bob Enyart of Real Science Radio (RSR)

For their extensive work in compiling and maintaining this list of biomaterial findings in fossils.

Peer-reviewed journal articles on surviving endogenous biological material including tissue and DNA

🧾 Original source spreadsheet:
Real Science Radio - Biomaterial Fossil List

• icr.org/fresh-fossils
• rsr.org/dino-soft-tissue

Their contributions have been instrumental in centralizing decades of peer-reviewed research that challenges the conventional understanding of fossil preservation and geologic timescales.

🦕 Introduction: Mary Higby Schweitzer’s Groundbreaking Discoveries

In the early 2000s, Dr. Mary Higby Schweitzer stunned the scientific community when she reported the discovery of flexible blood vessels, red blood cells, and soft tissue structures inside a Tyrannosaurus rex femur, purportedly 68 million years old. These findings—published in top-tier journals such as Science and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences—challenged long-standing assumptions that biomolecules degrade entirely within tens of thousands of years.

Her work ignited a renaissance in paleomolecular research, leading to re-examinations of many fossils previously assumed to be fully mineralized. This document catalogs dozens of peer-reviewed studies—many of which follow in Schweitzer’s footsteps—documenting the presence of proteins, DNA fragments, cartilage, collagen, and even potential chromosomes in dinosaur bones and other ancient specimens.

🧬 Why does this matter?
Under conventional decay rates, such biomolecules shouldn’t survive more than ~1 million years, let alone tens or hundreds of millions. The accumulation of these findings suggests either:

1. Our understanding of biomolecular preservation is deeply flawed, or
2. These fossils are far younger than currently believed.

---

🧪 Known Biomolecule Decay Rates

Scientific measurements of DNA decay under optimal conditions (cold, dry, neutral pH) still show a relatively rapid breakdown. The following table illustrates estimated DNA half-lives based on experimental data, especially the work of Allentoft et al. (2012), published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

DNA Decay Over Time: Corrected Estimates and Explanation

🧬 Exponential Decay Formula

To calculate the remaining percentage of DNA over time, we use the formula:

Remaining DNA (%) = 100 * (1/2)^(t / T)

Where:

• t = time in years
• T = DNA half-life in years (521 years based on Allentoft et al., 2012)

This table shows how much DNA remains over time, assuming a half-life of 521 years:

Time (years)	Remaining DNA (%)
100	~87.4%
1,000	~26.2%
4,400	~0.27% (Flood estimate)
10,000	~0.0000016%
100,000	~3.7e-30%
1,000,000	~1.1e-296%
10,000,000	Effectively 0%
68,000,000	≪ 10⁻²⁰ % (Impossible)

🧬 DNA's half-life is estimated at 521 years under ideal conditions. That means after 1 million years, over 99.9999% of DNA should be degraded beyond detection—yet some fossils in this document reportedly contain intact fragments or other biomolecular structures.

Reference:

Allentoft, M. E., et al. (2012). "The half-life of DNA in bone: measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

Peer Reviewed Soft Biological materials

#	Year	Description	Age	Authors/Publication	Ref
116	2021	Parts of proteins in titanosaur eggshell	~70MY	Dhiman et al. Protein fragments in late Cretaceous eggshell, Paleontology	$1
115	2021	Nerve fragments, sheath, from Triceratops bone	65MY	Armitage, First Report of Triceratops Occipital Condyle Nerves, Microsc Today	$2
114	2020	Dino eggshell peptide bonds and chelating ligands	200MY	Norell, Wiemann, et al. The first dinosaur egg was soft, Nature	$3
113	2020	Hypacrosaurus cartilage; apparent chromosomes	75MY	Bailleul, Schweitzer et al. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes, DNA, NS Rev	$4
112	2020	Triceratops blood clots, veins, valves, nerve fibers	65MY	Armitage, Solliday, Dinosaur blood clots in vessel canals, Microscopy Today	$5
111	2019	Permian marker plant's lignin biopolymers	~255MY	Tewari et al. Biomarker signatures of Glossopteris plant. Palaeogeography PP	$6
110	2019	T. rex cortical bone blood vessel structures	66MY	Boatman, Schweitzer et al. Tissue and protein preserved in T. rex, N Sci Rep	$7
109	2019	Precambrian chitin (from glucose) from fungi walls	~950MY	Loron et al. Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada, Nature	$8
108	2019	Partially unracemized feather amino acids in amber	99MY	McCoy, Collins et al. Amino acids from feathers in amber, Scientific Reports	$9
107	2019	Sugars from Cretaceous fungi in mudstones & coal	~25-70MY	Marynoswki et al. Indicators of fungal metabolism, Int'l J of Coal Geology	$10
106	2019	Lebanon's hagfish fossil with skin protein remnants	~100MY	Miyashita, et al. Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea, Proc. Nat'l Acad Sci	$11
105	2019	Edmontosaur osteocytes, blood vessels, collagen	66MY	Ullmann, Nellermoe et al. Patterns of cellular preservation Cretaceous Res.	$12
104	2019	Anchiornis (small dinosaur) feather keratin	160MY	Pan, Schweitzer et al. Direct evidence of feather molecular evolution PNAS	$13
103	2018	Flexible portions of skin layers, red-brown liver trace	180MY	Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Icthyosaur homeothermy and crypsis, Nature	$14
102	2018	Bacteriochlorophyll (still pink & biological) pigments	1.1GY	Gueneli et al 1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins, Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sciences	$15
101	2018	Bivalve organics in the late Cretaceous	66MY	Myers et al. Cretaceous Pinna organic matrix & shell microstructure, Geology	$16
100	2018	Dickinsonia lipid biomarkers showing cholesteroids	558MY	Bobrovskiy et al. Steroids establish Ediacaran Dickinsonia as animal, Science	$17
99	2018	Starch (a polysaccharide) in a forest deposit	280MY	Liu et al. Fossil starch reveals early plant–animal mutualism, Geology	$18
98	2017	Sea turtle muscle protein, beta-keratin, pigment	54MY	Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Juvenile sea turtle, Nature: Scientific Reports	$19
97	2017	Bird preening (sebaceous) gland still containing oil	48MY	O'Reilly et al. Uropygial gland lipids in 48MY-old bird, Proc. Royal Soc. B	$20
96	2017	Dinosaur eggshell color by protoporphyrin/biliverdin	66MY	Wiemann et al. Dinosaur egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs, PeerJ	$21
95	2017	Ginkgo leaves "full of organic molecules"	200MY	Vajda et al. Molecular signatures of leaves unexpected, Nature Eco & Evol	$22
94	2017	Melanin in nodosaurus dino (and other biologicals)	112MY	Brown et al. Exceptionally preserved armored dinosaur, Current Biology	$23
93	2017	Tick-related mammalian "red blood cells"	20-45MY	Poinar, Tick erythrocytes reveal piroplasms, Journal of Medical Entomology	$24
92	2017	Nothosaurus coracoid vessel, hydroxyproline	~225MY	Surmik et al. Intraosseous fossilized middle Triassic soft tissue, Sci of Nature	$25
91	2017	Reconfirmation of B. canadensis dinosaur collagen	80MY	Schroeter, Schweitzer et al. Expansion of sequence, J of Proteome Research	$26
90	2017	Lufengosaurus rib collagen	195MY	Lee et al. Collagen in an early Jurassic sauropod, Nature Communications	$27
89	2016	Proteinaceous amide groups in chert	1.88GY	Alleon, Bernard et al. Molecular preservation of 1.88 Ga... organic..., Nature	$28
88	2016	Early Triassic reptile blood vessels, etc.	247MY	Surmik et al. Organic Matter from Triassic Reptile, PLoS ONE	$29
87	2016	Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin now also has keratin	130MY	Vinther et al. Camouflage in an Ornithischian dinosaur, Current Biology	$30
86	2016	Beta-keratin in oviraptor dinosaur claw	75MY	Moyer, Schweitzer et al. The claw of nesting dinosaur, Proc Royal Society B	$31
85	2015	Hadrosaur "blood vessels from Brachylophosaurus"	80MY	Cleland, Schweitzer et al. Blood vessels characterization, J Proteome Res	$32
84	2015	Dinosaur collagen and red blood cells	75MY	Bertazzo, et al. Fibres and cellular structures..., Nature Communications	$33
83	2015	Dinosaur melanosomes and pigment	150MY	Lindgren et al. Molecular composition of Jurassic feathers, Scientific Reports	$34
82	2015	A pterosaur's orange claw material	150MY	Hone et al. A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus with soft tissue, PeerJ	$35
81	2014	Precambrian multicellular animals (metazoans)	530MY	Moczydłowska et al. Biogeochemisty of Ediacaran Metozoa, J of Paleontology	$36
80	2014	Bird, marine reptile, mosasaur, icthyosaur pigments	55-190MY	Edwards et al. Pigments through time [survey], Pigment Cell Melanoma Res.	$37
79	2014	Turtle, mosasaur, and icthyosaur eumelanin	55-190MY	Lindren et al. Pigmentation... melanism in extinct marine reptiles, Nature	$38
78	2014	Gastropod egg capsule chitin	200MY	Wysokowski et al. Chitin in 200-million-year-old egg capsules, Paleobiology	$39
77	2014	Extinct aquatic bird Gansus feather melanosomes	~125MY	Moyer, Schweitzer et al. Melanosomes or Microbes, Scientific Reports	$40
76	2013	Triceratops osteocytes; soft sheets of fibrillar bone	65MY	Armitage, Anderson, Soft sheets of horn fibrillar bone, Acta Histochemica	$41
75	2013	Vauxia sea sponge chitin	505MY	Ehrlich et al. 505-million-year old chitin in Vauxia gracilenta, Scientific Reports	$42
74	2013	Lufengosaurus embryo bone protein	190MY	Reisz, Embryology of early Jurassic dino with evidence of organic... Nature	$43
73	2013	Signature of blood in mosquito gut	46MY	Greenwalt et al. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins. Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sci	$44
72	2013	Dino DNA & proteins actin, tubulin, PHEX, histone	66-80MY	Schweitzer et al. Analyses of dino osteocytes support endogenous... Bone	$45
71	2013	Biological material in crinoids	350MY	O'Malley et al. Taxon-specific organic molecules, Geology	$46
70	2012	Cuttlefish ink sac	160MY	Glass et al. Jurassic period eumelanin pigment, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences	$47
69	2012	Archaeopteryx black melanin organosulpher residue	150MY	Carney et al. Color and nature of Archaeopteryx feather, Nature	$48
68	2012	Jurassic turtle osteocytes	145MY	Cadena, Schweitzer, Osteocytes preservation from the Jurassic, Bone	$49
67	2011	Chitin arthropod (scorpion) and eurypterid proteins	417MY	Cody et al. Molecular signature of Paleozoic chitin-protein complex, Geology	$50
66	2011	Type 1 collagen in Cretaceous mosasaur humerus	~70MY	Lindgren et al. Microspectroscopic evidence of bone proteins, PLoS ONE	$51
65	2011	Endogenous Mississaepia cuttlebone chitin sheets	34MY	Weaver et al. Late Eocene cuttlefish B-chitin consistent organics, PLoS ONE	$52
64	2011	Lizard tail skin breakdown products	50MY	Edwards et al. Tissue preservation in 50MY-old reptile skin, Proc Royal Soc B	$53
63	2011	Type l collagen in T. rex and hadrosaur dinosaurs	68MY	San Antonio, et al, Dinosaur peptides... mech of protein survival, PLoS ONE	$54
62	2011	Bird feather pigment from Confuciusornis sanctus	120MY	Wogelius et al. Biomarkers for eumelanin pigment in fossil record, Science	$55
61	2010	Stegosaurus plate keratin	~150MY	Christiansen et al. Stegosaur impressions, Swiss Journal of Geosciences	$56
60	2010	Messel feather highly reflective nanostructure	40MY	Vinther et al. Structural coloration in a fossil feather, Roy Soc Biology Letters	$57
59	2010	Archaeopteryx feather shaft original chem remains	150MY	Bergmann et al. Archaeopteryx feathers & bone chemistry, Proc Nat Acad Sci	$58
58	2010	Sinosauropteryx compsognathid dino melanosomes	125MY	Zhang et al. Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of dinos & birds, Nature	$59
57	2010	Hadrosaur biomolecules, collagen & other proteins	80MY	Peterson et al. Microbial biofilms [&] soft tissue in archosaurs, PLoS One	$60
56	2010	Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin color	125MY	Lingham-Soliar et al. Integument & color of a ceratopsian, Science of Nature	$61
55	2011-04-01 00:00:00	C-14 date of mosasaur (24,600 Yrs)	70MY	Lindgren, J. et al, PLoS ONE, 6(4):e19445	$62
54	2010	Mammal hair in amber	100MY	Vullo et al. Mammalian hairs in early Cretaceous amber, Science of Nature	$63
53	2009	Hadrosaur vessel proteins, sequenced collagen	80MY	Schweitzer et al. Biomolecular... protein sequences of hadrosaur, Science	$64
52	2009	Hadrosaur skin cell structures/macromolecules	66MY	Manning et al. Chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur, Proc. Royal Society B	$65
51	2009	Salamander muscle, whole	18MY	McNamara et al. Organic... fossil musculature with ultracellular detail, P RS B	$66
50	2008	Feather melanocytes	100MY	Vinther et al. The color of fossil feathers, Royal Society Biology Letters	$67
49	2008	Psittacosaurus skin fibers	~125MY	Lingham-Soliar, Psittacosaurus complex fibre architecture, Proc Royal Soc B	$68
48	2008	T. rex amino acid sequences	68MY	Schweitzer et al. Molecular methods examining..., Comptes Rendus Palevol	$69
47	2008	Osteocyte (bone cells)	5MY	Bell et al, Mineralized osteocyte: a living fossil, American Journal of Physics	$70
46	2007	Tyrannosaurus rex collagen	68MY	Schweitzer et al. T. rex soft tissue suggests the presence of protein, Science	$71
45	2007	Triceratops blood vessels, osteocytes	66MY	Schweitzer, Horner et al. Cellular preservation from Cretaceous, Proc RS B	$72
44	2007	T. rex proteins sequenced	68MY	Asara, Schweitzer et al. Mastodon & T. rex protein sequences, Science	$73
43	2007	T. rex proteinaceous materials, sequenced collagen	40-150MY	Smejkal, Schweitzer, Will tech. enable dino proteomics, Exp Rev Proteomics	$74
42	2006	Frog bone marrow	10MY	McNamara et al. Organic preservation of amphibian bone marrow, Geology	$75
41	2005	Sauropod egg shell ovalbumin protein	~75MY	Schweitzer et al. Molecular preservation in dinosaur eggshells, P Roy Soc B	$76
40	2005	Avian bone collagen implying "molecular integrity"	~75MY	Avci, Schweitzer et al. Bone collagen from late Cretaceous, Langmuir	$77
39	2005	Dinosaurian cellular and sub-cellular preservation	~68MY	Wittmeyer, Schweitzer, Dino vessels and cells in fossils, J Vert. Paleontology	$78
38	2005	T. rex vessels, cells, soft flexible connective tissue	68MY	Schweitzer, Horner et al. T. rex soft-tissue vessels, cellular preserv., Science	$79
37	2004	Isolated non-spore-forming bacteria living in amber	120MY	Greenblatt et al. Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber, Microbial Ecology	$80
36	2003	Skin fibers	130MY	E. Frey et al., Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs, Geological Society Publication	$81
35	2003	Algal and bacterial organic molecules	2.5GY	Brocks et al. Biological diversity in molecular fossils, Geoch Cosmochem Acta	$82
34	2003	Iguanodon dinosaur osteocalcin protein	120MY	Embery et al. Iguanodon bone proteinaceous material, Connective Tissue R	$83
33	2002	Metasequoia cellulose (with no O18)	34-56MY	Jahren, Sternberg, Oxygen isootopes in Arctic fossil wood, GSA Today	$84
32	2001	Tyrannosaur rex collagen SEM scans	65MY	Armitage, Mummified collagen fibers in fossil T. rex bone, CRS Quarterly	$85
31	2000	Live bacteria from halite [salt] deposit	250MY	Vreeland et al. Isolation of halotolerant bacterium from salt crystal, Nature	$86
30	2000	Non-collagen dinosaur proteinaceous extracts	125MY	Embery et al. Non-collagenous proteins from dinosaur Iguanodon, Conn Tis R	$87
29	1999	Alvarezsaurus dinosaur β-keratin protein	~100MY	Schweitzer et al. Beta-keratin immunological reactivity, J Exper. Zoology	$88
28	1999	Similar live bacteria strains from separate rock salts	250MY	Stan-Lotter et al. Halococcus in Permo-Triassic salt deposits, Microbiology	$89
27	1999	Keratin in Madagascar bird	65MY	Schweitzer et al. Immunoreactivity in Cretaceous bird, J. of Vert. Paleontology	$90
26	1998	Tarbosaurus (T. rex) blood vessels	80MY	Pawlicki et al. Blood vessels and red blood cells in dinosaur, Annals Anatomy	$91
25	1997	T. rex peptides and proteins; likely type 1 collagen	~68MY	Schweitzer et al. Biomolecules in Cancellous Bone, J. of Vert. Paleontology	$92
24	1997	Fossil diatom chitin	24MY	Stankiewicz et al. Preservation of chitin in 25-million-year-old fossils, Science	$93
23	1997	Heme in Tyrannosaurus rex bone	67MY	Schweitzer et al. Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone, PNAS	$94
22	1995	Live bacteria spores from a bee encased in amber	25-40MY	Cano and Borucki, Revival of bacterial spores in Dominican amber, Science	$95
21	1994	Unaltered amino acids in amber insects	130MY	Bada et al. Insect in amber racemization, Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta	$96
20	1994	Cretaceous DNA for mitoochondrial cytochrome b	80MY	Wooodward et al. DNA sequence from Cretaceous bone fragments, Science	$97
19	1993	Chloroplast tree gene partly sequenced (346 pairs)	35-40MY	Poinar et al. DNA from an extinct plant, Scientific Correspondence	$98
18	1993	Organic material in T. rex and theropod dinosaurs	65MY+	Ostrom et al. Trophic structure of Creataceous communities, Geology	$99
17	1992	Termite nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences	25-30MY	DeSalle et al. Oligo-miocene amber termite DNA sequences, Science	$100
16	1992	Osteocalcin in a seismosaur dinosaur bone	150MY	Muyzer et al. Preservation of bone protein osteocalcin in dinosaurs, Geology	$101
15	1991	Seismosaurus [now, Diplodocus] vertebra proteins	150MY	Gurley et al. Proteins in bone of Seismosaurus, Journal of Protein Chemistry	$102
14	1990	Magnolia leaf chloroplast 820-base DNA sequence	17-20MY	Golenberg et al. Chloroplast DNA sequence from Miocene Magnolia, Nature	$103
13	1990	Tyrannosaurus tooth hydroxyproline	~80MY	Ostrom et al. High molecular weight material, Adv. in Organic Geochemistry	$104
12	1987	Seven hadrosaurs unfossilized bones	80MY	Davies, Duck-billed dinosaurs from the north slope of Alaska, J of Paleont.	$105
11	1985	Metabolic pathways of dinosaur bones	80MY	Pawlicki, Metabolic pathways of dino bones Pt. 5, Folia Histochem Cytochem	$106
10	1976	Dinosaur gelatins made from fossil proteins	~100MY	Wyckoff et al. Pleistocene and dinosaur gelatins, Comp Biochem Physiology B	$107
9	1976	Repeating sequence of mollusk shell glycoproteins	80MY	Weiner et al. Characterization of 80M-year-old mollusk shell proteins, PNAS	$108
8	1974	Dinosaur proteins and polysaccharides	70MY	DeJong et al. Antigenic properties of macromolecules over 70 Myr, Nature	$109
7	1972	Modern (advanced) proteins in many ancient fossils	~145MY	Schopf, Fossil Proteins "Biochemistry of animal fossils" book review, Science	$110
6	1972	Jurassic collagen, evidence of various proteins	~145MY	Wyckoff, The Biochemistry of Animal Fossils, Scientechnica	$111
5	1972	Biological material in saltwater clam shell	?	Crenshaw, M. A., Biomineralization Research Reports	$112
4	1968	Collagen from Megalosaurus dinosaur egg shell	166MY	Voss-Foucart, Paleoproteins, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology	$113
3	1968	Intact proteins from half of many bones	150MY	Miller, Wyckoff, Proteins in Dinosaur Bones, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences	$114
2	1966	Collagen & vessels in dinosaur bone	200MY	Pawlicki et al. Cells, collagen fibrils and vessels in dinosaur bone, Nature	$115
1	1954	Devonian alanine, glutamic, & glycine amino acids	360MY	Abelson, Paleobiochemistry: Organic constituents of fossils, Carnegie Inst.	$116

🔗 References

1. Dhiman et al. Protein fragments in late Cretaceous eggshell, Paleontology - Read paper

2. Armitage, First Report of Triceratops Occipital Condyle Nerves, Microsc Today - Read paper

3. Norell, Wiemann, et al. The first dinosaur egg was soft, Nature

   • Read paper

4. Bailleul, Schweitzer et al. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes, DNA, NS Rev - Read paper

5. Armitage, Solliday, Dinosaur blood clots in vessel canals, Microscopy Today - Read paper

6. Tewari et al. Biomarker signatures of Glossopteris plant. Palaeogeography PP - Read paper

7. Boatman, Schweitzer et al. Tissue and protein preserved in T. rex, N Sci Rep - Read paper

8. Loron et al. Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada, Nature - Read paper

9. McCoy, Collins et al. Amino acids from feathers in amber, Scientific Reports - Read paper

10. Marynoswki et al. Indicators of fungal metabolism, Int'l J of Coal Geology - Read paper

11. Miyashita, et al. Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea, Proc. Nat'l Acad Sci - Read paper

12. Ullmann, Nellermoe et al. Patterns of cellular preservation Cretaceous Res. - Read paper

13. Pan, Schweitzer et al. Direct evidence of feather molecular evolution PNAS - Read paper

14. Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Icthyosaur homeothermy and crypsis, Nature - Read paper

15. Gueneli et al 1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins, Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sciences - Read paper

16. Myers et al. Cretaceous Pinna organic matrix & shell microstructure, Geology - Read paper

17. Bobrovskiy et al. Steroids establish Ediacaran Dickinsonia as animal, Science - Read paper

18. Liu et al. Fossil starch reveals early plant–animal mutualism, Geology - Read paper

19. Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Juvenile sea turtle, Nature: Scientific Reports - Read paper

20. O'Reilly et al. Uropygial gland lipids in 48MY-old bird, Proc. Royal Soc. B - Read paper

21. Wiemann et al. Dinosaur egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs, PeerJ - Read paper

22. Vajda et al. Molecular signatures of leaves unexpected, Nature Eco & Evol - Read paper

23. Brown et al. Exceptionally preserved armored dinosaur, Current Biology - Read paper

24. Poinar, Tick erythrocytes reveal piroplasms, Journal of Medical Entomology - Read paper

25. Surmik et al. Intraosseous fossilized middle Triassic soft tissue, Sci of Nature - Read paper

26. Schroeter, Schweitzer et al. Expansion of sequence, J of Proteome Research - Read paper

27. Lee et al. Collagen in an early Jurassic sauropod, Nature Communications

    • Read paper

28. Alleon, Bernard et al. Molecular preservation of 1.88 Ga... organic..., Nature - Read paper

29. Surmik et al. Organic Matter from Triassic Reptile, PLoS ONE

    • Read paper

30. Vinther et al. Camouflage in an Ornithischian dinosaur, Current Biology - Read paper

31. Moyer, Schweitzer et al. The claw of nesting dinosaur, Proc Royal Society B - Read paper

32. Cleland, Schweitzer et al. Blood vessels characterization, J Proteome Res - Read paper

33. Bertazzo, et al. Fibres and cellular structures..., Nature Communications - Read paper

34. Lindgren et al. Molecular composition of Jurassic feathers, Scientific Reports - Read paper

35. Hone et al. A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus with soft tissue, PeerJ - Read paper

36. Moczydłowska et al. Biogeochemisty of Ediacaran Metozoa, J of Paleontology - Read paper

37. Edwards et al. Pigments through time [survey], Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. - Read paper

38. Lindren et al. Pigmentation... melanism in extinct marine reptiles, Nature - Read paper

39. Wysokowski et al. Chitin in 200-million-year-old egg capsules, Paleobiology - Read paper

40. Moyer, Schweitzer et al. Melanosomes or Microbes, Scientific Reports - Read paper

41. Armitage, Anderson, Soft sheets of horn fibrillar bone, Acta Histochemica - Read paper

42. Ehrlich et al. 505-million-year old chitin in Vauxia gracilenta, Scientific Reports - Read paper

43. Reisz, Embryology of early Jurassic dino with evidence of organic... Nature - Read paper

44. Greenwalt et al. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins. Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sci - Read paper

45. Schweitzer et al. Analyses of dino osteocytes support endogenous... Bone - Read paper

46. O'Malley et al. Taxon-specific organic molecules, Geology - Read paper

47. Glass et al. Jurassic period eumelanin pigment, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences - Read paper

48. Carney et al. Color and nature of Archaeopteryx feather, Nature

    • Read paper

49. Cadena, Schweitzer, Osteocytes preservation from the Jurassic, Bone - Read paper

50. Cody et al. Molecular signature of Paleozoic chitin-protein complex, Geology - Read paper

51. Lindgren et al. Microspectroscopic evidence of bone proteins, PLoS ONE - Read paper

52. Weaver et al. Late Eocene cuttlefish B-chitin consistent organics, PLoS ONE - Read paper

53. Edwards et al. Tissue preservation in 50MY-old reptile skin, Proc Royal Soc B - Read paper

54. San Antonio, et al, Dinosaur peptides... mech of protein survival, PLoS ONE - Read paper

55. Wogelius et al. Biomarkers for eumelanin pigment in fossil record, Science - Read paper

56. Christiansen et al. Stegosaur impressions, Swiss Journal of Geosciences - Read paper

57. Vinther et al. Structural coloration in a fossil feather, Roy Soc Biology Letters - Read paper

58. Bergmann et al. Archaeopteryx feathers & bone chemistry, Proc Nat Acad Sci - Read paper

59. Zhang et al. Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of dinos & birds, Nature - Read paper

60. Peterson et al. Microbial biofilms [&] soft tissue in archosaurs, PLoS One - Read paper

61. Lingham-Soliar et al. Integument & color of a ceratopsian, Science of Nature - Read paper

62. Lindgren, J. et al, PLoS ONE, 6(4):e19445 - Read paper

63. Vullo et al. Mammalian hairs in early Cretaceous amber, Science of Nature - Read paper

64. Schweitzer et al. Biomolecular... protein sequences of hadrosaur, Science - Read paper

65. Manning et al. Chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur, Proc. Royal Society B - Read paper

66. McNamara et al. Organic... fossil musculature with ultracellular detail, P RS B - Read paper

67. Vinther et al. The color of fossil feathers, Royal Society Biology Letters - Read paper

68. Lingham-Soliar, Psittacosaurus complex fibre architecture, Proc Royal Soc B - Read paper

69. Schweitzer et al. Molecular methods examining..., Comptes Rendus Palevol - Read paper

70. Bell et al, Mineralized osteocyte: a living fossil, American Journal of Physics - Read paper

71. Schweitzer et al. T. rex soft tissue suggests the presence of protein, Science - Read paper

72. Schweitzer, Horner et al. Cellular preservation from Cretaceous, Proc RS B - Read paper

73. Asara, Schweitzer et al. Mastodon & T. rex protein sequences, Science - Read paper

74. Smejkal, Schweitzer, Will tech. enable dino proteomics, Exp Rev Proteomics - Read paper

75. McNamara et al. Organic preservation of amphibian bone marrow, Geology - Read paper

76. Schweitzer et al. Molecular preservation in dinosaur eggshells, P Roy Soc B - Read paper

77. Avci, Schweitzer et al. Bone collagen from late Cretaceous, Langmuir - Read paper

78. Wittmeyer, Schweitzer, Dino vessels and cells in fossils, J Vert. Paleontology - Read paper

79. Schweitzer, Horner et al. T. rex soft-tissue vessels, cellular preserv., Science - Read paper

80. Greenblatt et al. Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber, Microbial Ecology - Read paper

81. E. Frey et al., Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs, Geological Society Publication - Read paper

82. Brocks et al. Biological diversity in molecular fossils, Geoch Cosmochem Acta - Read paper

83. Embery et al. Iguanodon bone proteinaceous material, Connective Tissue R - Read paper

84. Jahren, Sternberg, Oxygen isootopes in Arctic fossil wood, GSA Today - Read paper

85. Armitage, Mummified collagen fibers in fossil T. rex bone, CRS Quarterly - Read paper

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